There Are Many Different Factors That Can Cause Loneliness

There are many different factors that can cause loneliness and isolation in a person’s life. Many of these factors are present throughout Of Mice and Men. The environment and the people who surround that person can really impact the quality of life one lives. Although isolation occurs when a person separates themselves from others physically, a person can also be isolated inside their own minds, even with others around them. In John Steinbeck’s novel, Of Mice and Men, Symbolism, imagery, and tone are used to show how isolation and loneliness shapes the lives of several characters. Two migrant workers, by the names George Milton and Lennie Small, are making their way to a California farm where they are due to start working. George is a†¦show more content†¦They’s a pig pen†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Steinbeck 57). Lennie always chimed in by saying â€Å"We could live offa the fatta the lan† (Steinbeck 57). This description of their â€Å"dream farm† att racts the interest of other characters, including Candy and Crook, who like Lennie and George, want to live a free life on a farm of their own. This farm becomes a symbol of the relationship between Lennie and George. It is a mutual interest that the two have this brings them closer together. The farm would allow Lennie to feel safe and would give him a purpose for caring for his animals. Retelling the description of the dream farm becomes a ritual. When Candy offers money to put towards the farm, the symbol becomes a strong reality. Candy states, â€Å" S’pose I went in with you guys. Tha’s three hundred an’ fifty bucks I’d put in† (Steinbeck 59). The â€Å"dream farm† represents freedom and protection from the rest of the world. Unfortunately, the dream of owning a farm doesn’t turn into reality. Soft object such as a woman’s dress, a furry mouse, and a soft puppy, all symbolized comfort and security to Lennie. Each of these different obsessions got Lennie into trouble. Lennie and George had to leave the town of Weed when he innocently touched a woman’s dress because it looked soft. A furry mouse was accidentally petted to death in Lennie’s pocket. His new soft puppy and Curley’s wife both had their necks broken because Lennie didn’t know his own strength when touching them. Lennie’s bigShow MoreRelatedDepression Can Mean Several Different Things. It Can Mean1398 Words   |  6 PagesDepression can mean several different things. It can mean normal depression, such as loss, conflict, trauma, or the disruption of normal life balance. It can be a symptom of a physical illness, or a side effect of medication. It can also be based on neurochemical abnormalities (Karren, Smith, Gordon, 2014, p. 181-182). Depression as an illness is not a normal reaction, but it can occur even without a clear reason (Karren, Smith, Gordon, 2014, p. 182). 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American Immigration Entropy The Land Of Opportunity And...

Cherub Ravoori. Eng 102- 050. Daniel Listoe. Draft 1, 10- x-15 â€Å"American Immigration Entropy† Stars and stripes, the land of opportunity and the nation of immigrants. The United States of America, one of the largest and most influential countries today, is and always has been a grand attraction to people all over the world. America has become home to people from all corners on this planet; especially to Europeans seeking wealth and religious freedom, to several African slaves brought to America against their will from the 17th to 19th centuries; and today to the major immigrant groups in America: Asians and Latin Americans. My family and I emigrated from Hyderabad, Pakistan to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America in 2014. We fortunately managed to receive our Green cards and Social Security after much toil and expense. It is a big question to me to and several Americans as to why people do not immigrate to America simply legally as we did and reside in America without worry. More than 12 million people in US aren’t fortunate as we were in successfully finding legal permanent residence (Immigration policy center). America’s Immigration System has several problems because of which several immigrants and the country itself is suffering. The American Immigration System has several problems and fails to meet the demands of today’s globalized society. The fault of the US government is not just its

The Co-Operative Bank IMC Free Essays

string(171) " key message the bank wants to convey to its target audience is that it is a values-driven bank that plays fair in a banking landscape that is thought of as the opposite\." Executive Summary The Co-operative Bank Is New Sealant’s only bank that Is owned by its customers. Formerly simply a Building Society, the bank Is now looking to grow its customer base as a fully registered bank through a variety of avenues Including appealing to the tertiary student market. This report focuses on the Integrated marketing communications needed for accurately targeting the tertiary market. We will write a custom essay sample on The Co-Operative Bank IMC or any similar topic only for you Order Now Firstly, It outlines a situation analysis including a PEST analysis, a competitor analysis, and the target market and the positioning of the Co-operative Bank with regards to its competitors. The communication strategy looks closely into the banks current communications offerings. This analysis focuses on how the companies message combines with its with the imagery used in its advertising. The media strategy outlines how the company has used awareness, universal and emotion strategies in its communications to target the tertiary market. Objectives are then outlined to provide scope for the banks future MIMIC activities. Finally, the report provides recommendations (Including personal selling, promotion and public relations) and improvements to help the bank reach Its objectives In the next 12 months. As technology is always changing it is important that banks are continuing to update and make changes to their digital platforms to continue to be competitive in the market. 1. 2. 4 Environment -Environmental factors do not have a massive impact over the Co-operative bank forever climate change have some effect on the success of New Zealand businesses abilities to save and service loans. Particularly as New Zealand is an agricultural based society and climate change disrupts farming processes. 2 Competitor Analysis In the tertiary banking sector there are 5 main players that the Bank must compete with. Each has their own drawer however the reality is the base package each bank offers is very similar and in terms of costs, the banks offer students free or relatively free banking – See Appendix 1. On top of this each bank differentiates itself by offering extra services that are enticing to the student lifestyle. 2. 1 ASP ASP, as well as a relatively free base package, offers students free fries at McDonald’s every time they use their card. This â€Å"gimmick† is attractive to students as it means offer students a large overdraft and a txt when funds are running low. 2. ANZA Ann.’s tertiary package is perhaps the least â€Å"gimmicky’ of the big banks. They offer accessible branches and Tam’s on campus as they are aware a student is often time poor. 2. 3 BENZ Ban’s Younger is known to be extremely innovative and in tune with a tertiary audience’s preference for good, simple web design. Their point of difference is an industry l eading web application that makes handling finances, something that student have great difficulty doing, every simple. 2. 4 Westward Wastepaper’s Student Pace, historically, has used gimmicks such as a free $25 upon sign up and a free pizza to engage the tertiary audience to bank with them. In the long term they also offer a â€Å"save and win† scheme that entices students to bank with them to win money on the money they choose to save. 2. 5 Kickback Kickback has perhaps the most comprehensive banking package. Their extra services include software to help manage your money, no commission currency conversion, free use of ANZA Tams on campus and free txt banking. This shows they are very much in tune with the requirements of being a student in New Zealand which supports Kickbacks main draw card of the bank being a New Zealand owned bank. 2. Co-operative Bank The Co-operative Banks student package is by contrast the least comprehensive. They offer a top interest rate of 5% however their main drawer, even for students, is still the fact that they are not Just New Zealand owned like Kickback but owned by the New Slanderer that bank with them. Growth and Maturity of the Industry New Zealand banks have enjoyed strong growth in lending since the 2008 global downturn. Pro fits however, are down due to â€Å"increasing regulatory pressures and strong competition in the lending market† (KEMP, 2013). Operational Revenue and Profitability At the end of 2013 financial year, the bank recorded profits before rebate at $mm (The Co-operative Bank, 2013). $1 m of this was distributed to customers. As at 31st December 2013 operating revenue reached $4. Mm (The Co-operative Bank, 2013). 5 Strategic Goals The Co-operative Bank has an overall strategic focus on â€Å"achieving long-term refillable growth, based on co-operative principles (The Co-operative Bank, 2013). 6 Target Marketing The Co-operative Bank targets those in the tertiary segment who are motivated by â€Å"good values†. These students, generally 18-25, will be those who are wary of the other big banks and the values they stand for. They will consist of students who are above the other banks â€Å"gimmicks† and would rather see their money buying some â€Å"goodness† rather than get free fries, for example, from a controversial multinational. They will have a solid â€Å"student† lifestyle with a low income, low outgoings and will nearly not have any dependents. 7 Market Positioning competitors try to outdo each other with clever marketing and competitive rates they are, compared to other industries, barely distinguishable from each other. As shown in Figure 1, the Co-operative Bank occupies a position that is relatively separated from its competitors in terms of perceived cost and on a values based analysis. Figure 1 – Positioning of New Zealand Banks This position clearly demonstrates to their target audience that they are set apart from their competitors as an alternative to banking in system where banks are driven y profits for their (often overseas) investors rather than by the values of and profits for their New Zealand owners/customers. Section 2 8 Communication Strategy Since the banks rebind in 2012 the bank has focused its communications on improving low awareness. It is spearheaded by the message â€Å"driven by your prosperity, not our profit†; this focus will help the bank achieve its goal to double its customers within 5 years (Stopper’s, 2014). The key message the bank wants to convey to its target audience is that it is a values-driven bank that plays fair in a banking landscape that is thought of as the opposite. You read "The Co-Operative Bank IMC" in category "Papers" They use a brand image strategy to convey that although they are able to take calculated risks for the benefit of their customer-owners, they want their audience to know they want their activities to be transparent and â€Å"above the line†. The main symbol used by the bank is the infinity sign that consists of the 2 g’s in Co-operative Bank, known as the â€Å"prosperity loop†- See figure 2. The loop is conveniently extracted from the banks name and symbolizes its goal of creating prosperity, not profit, between the bank and its customer-owners with the benefits flowing between the two entities. This symbol associates potential customers with the brand and its objectives of â€Å"being about mutual benefit and true sustainability. (The Co-operative Bank, 2014, p. 2) Figure 2- The Prosperity Loop The loop is replicated though all forms of media advertising further insisting to its customers an ongoing sense of mutuality and support. In print media, the loop headline type treatment overlays both the heads of customers or their children and links them to the banks message, connecting a potential customer’s emotion to the advertisement. The loop could so be seen to symbolism a thought bubble, further personifying the banks message. See figure 3 Figure 3- Print Advertisement This advertisement takes queues from thought leadership marketing as it shows a young, seemingly wealthy man thinking positively about the banks differentiation strategy. As this man represents a lifestyle students aspire to participate in and the target market can now link him to the Co-operative bank. In theory, students will be more likely to think positively about, and possibly Join the bank. This links back to the banks goal of doubling its customer base in five years and helps the bank on their way to achieve it. Another brand association used is the companies color palette. The palette is distinctively fresh and focuses on a bright green color – see figure 4. This associates the brand with being fresh and distinctive as well as with growth. Natural context. This is important to the brands image as it reflects on New Slanderer emotions as a â€Å"clean, green† nation and may help the target market to associate with the bank as an extension of their patriotism. Also the mix of the color green as a symbol of natural growth and money is a reflection of the banks views on sustainable banking. Further, it associates this idea to the Co-operative Banks brand ND reinforces to tertiary students that their principles will bring â€Å"growth† to their â€Å"money’ in a sustainable way. This is particularly relevant to the target market who currently have low incomes but potential to growth their worth in the next few years. For them it means the bank is on their side and wants to work with them to grow their money in a sustainable way. Figure 4- Color Palette 9 Media Strategy and Appropriation The company, carrying out its awareness strategy for growth, used a broad mix of media mediums including a focus on print but also consisting of a television spot, audio advertising, and limited social media (Backbone, Linked in and Youth) to target a wide range of possible customers (Stopper’s, 2014). The campaign is centered on presenting the banks differentiation from other banks as a New Zealand owned bank and the fact it is 100% owned by its customers. Although there was no media directly targeting tertiary students, the Co-operative Banks mix of mediums will have some effect on this target market. Using a universal strategy, as in this case, the bank reaches a large amount of potential customers. It also provides the bank with economies of scale. As a small bank, although not ideal, this strategy is relatively appropriate as, there is limited budget for large scale advertising. The bank has opted to pull resources together rather than loose budget to smaller and perhaps less successful strategies. This is at the cost of targeting specific demographics, such as the tertiary target market, with media strategies tailored to their particular motivations but allows the bank to target all New Slanderer who feel strongly about banking with a New Zealand bank that shares profits with its customers. The content of the advertising draws on emotional strategy and uses a lot of patriotic imagery ouch as beach scenes, trout fishing, and office and cafe culture. These are scenes of New Zealand culture that rouse patriotism in most New Slanderer and this helps the bank not only reach people who will be interested in how the bank functions due to their patriotism but inform others of the benefits of Joining the bank. This is appropriate for the bank as it is harnessing current events (such as the class action against fees and the 2008 global downturn that have caused a cultural shift in New Zealand society in that people are more skeptical of banks) and building on the emotions they feel . It is therefore prudent for the bank to target the majority of society as the majority of society will be motivated by this emotion to Join the bank. 10 Objectives 1. Increase top-of-mind awareness level of the Co-operative bank within the tertiary market by 50% within the next 12 months 2. Increase knowledge within the tertiary market about the benefit of â€Å"owning† the bank they are banking with by 50% within the Bank within the next 12 months. 1 Improvements The weakness of the Banks current MIMIC plan lies in the fact that it has not tailored the plan to target specific groups such as the tertiary market. This suggests that the relationship between The Co-operative Bank and its tertiary customers is not as connected as it could be. To improve this, the bank does not necessarily have to change its message because as outlined prior, the patriotic and anti-status quo message used by its current offering will appeal to this market and also make the most of the banks industr y-relative limited budget. The bank instead should work on making these messages more accessible to the tertiary market in order to improve the communication lines of the banks already strong message. Relationship Reach Include tertiary market specific imagery in print advertising There is a lack of tertiary specific imagery used by creative in the print media. There are a variety of children and young professionals and although some students may see these people as aspirations, they may also feel excluded and therefore disconnected from the banks message as the images are unrepeatable to them at their current age. Create an active twitter account that backs up the banks brand image but also feels like it is maintained by a tertiary student. It will post breaking banking news and intelligently debate key players in the banking industry. Create a presence on campus by locating brochures at campus student finance offices Make brochures available that provides step by step financial planning for students that is branded with Co-operative bank. The brochures will also provide information about the Co- operatives services. The content will be so effective that campus financial planners will recommend them to students. This will increase student’s knowledge about the bank. Change billboards near tertiary institutions to have very tertiary student age appropriate creative. Add a scene to the television spot that is directly relatable to by majority of tertiary students. The advert currently has scenes that will appeal to only a select part of the target market I. E office employees and trout fishers. Adding a tertiary related scene with strong tertiary markers will strengthen the banks relationship with students as they will feel included in their advertising. Promote banks message at campus fairs. Sponsor tertiary events 12 Promotional Mix Recommendations 12. 1 Public Relations and its community based values. Tertiary students will be selected to spend a day in the life of community organizations with a particular emphasis on organizations that purport the interests of tertiary aged students such as canteen and be followed by a documentary team.. The outcome will be a documentary series posted on Community Loop’s Youth. These videos will expect to be picked up by local media and be interesting enough for students to want to share on Youth. 12. 2 Personal Selling At campus events, the bank would loan its employees to event to handle the financial aspect of the event and at the same time inform students of the banks offerings- supporting and promoting the banks message that it works within the community in a positive way. For example, at the â€Å"Nun Games†, Co-operative Bank employees in â€Å"community loop† uniform will handle ticket processing at the gate and have the â€Å"community loop† marquee providing shelter for students. Employees will hold conversations with students about the banks offerings and message. Such a presence evokes brand awareness within in the student community and at the same time, shows off the banks tertiary product. 12. 3 Sales Promotion The bank stands out among other banks as it does not offer students â€Å"gimmicky’ promotions with its package – See appendix 1 . There is an opportunity here for the Ann. To offer a promotion to students that does not seem as lightweight and also gain attention of the students who are likely to switch to the bank because of its message. The promotion will support the banks community centered message and feature a system wherein if you sign up you get a free stationary pack (bio-degradable and from sustainable sources) and a child from a low decide school in the local area also gets a pack. The stationary will feature the banks â€Å"Community Loop† logo. 13 Budget 13. 1 Objective-and-Task Method The bank would use an objective and task method to specify the role advertising will lay for the Co-operative brand and, the budget has been set accordingly. This method has been chosen as it allows the bank to focus on the objectives based on the needs of the bank and therefore reinforce the banks strategy rather than the needs of other factors such as what competitors are doing or how much they can afford. How to cite The Co-Operative Bank IMC, Papers

New Sources of Development Finance Jackson Plc

Question: Describe and analyse the performance of the company Jackson Plc based on the financial statements for the year FY2014 and FY2015 using ratio analysis as a key enabling tool. The analysis of the various ratios is being carried out to comment on the performance of the company during the given period. Answer: Profitability Ratios The relevant profitability ratios for the company are shown in the tabular format below. Ratio Formula FY2014 FY2015 Gross profit margin Gross Profit/ Revenue 45.25% 41.71% Net profit margin Net Profit/ Revenue 12.85% 5.09% Return on Assets Net Profit/ Total Assets 17.56% 6.56% Return on Equity Net Profit/ Total Equity 24.27% 10.79% It is apparent from the ratios above that the profitability of the company has severely declined in the year FY2015 as compared to the previous year i.e. FY2014. The drop in profits is more dramatic at the net level than at the gross level. At the gross profit level, the sharp rise in manufacturing costs is responsible for the margin decline. The administrative expenses have almost become twice in FY2015 even though the increase in revenue is only around 15%. Further, the selling expenses have also increased by a much greater proportion as a result of which the net profit margins have plummeted. Another contributory factor in this regard is the increase in interest expense in FY2015 which has surged by more than 50% due to the increase in the debt on the books. The decline in ROA and ROE are mainly attributed to the fall in the net profits which has decreased by more than 50% in FY2015 (Damodaran, 2015). Liquidity Ratios The relevant liquidity ratios for the company are shown in the tabular format below. Ratio Formula FY2014 FY2015 Current Ratio Current Assets/ Current Liabilities 2.63 1.62 Quick Ratio (Current Asset - Inventories)/ Current Liabilities 1.56 0.85 On the liquidity front, there has been a marked decline in FY2015 as compared to FY2014. The decline in the current ratio at the end of FY2015 can be explained on the basis of the bank overdraft facility which was availed in FY2015 to the tune of 1.13 million which led to a surge in the current liabilities. The decline in the quick ratio at the end of FY2015 can also be explained on the back of rise in current liabilities owing to bank overdraft. However, the liquidity position of the company in the short term still remains robust (Brealey, Myers Allen, 2008). Gearing Ratios The relevant gearing ratios for the company are shown in the tabular format below. Ratio Formula FY2014 FY2015 Debt to equity ratio (Short term + long term debt)/ Total equity 0.22 0.53 Interest Coverage Ratio Operating Profit/ Interest Expense 3.79 1.94 Long term debt to equity ratio Long term debt/Total equity 0.22 0.39 The gearing ratios for the company have progressively worsened in FY2015 which may be explained on the basis of the account of increase in both short term and long term debt while the equity component has only marginally increased on account of retained earnings. On account of the debt, the interest expense has surged by over 50% in FY2015 which is responsible for the decline in the interest coverage ratio. Despite the increase in the debt component, the gearing ratios continue to remain healthy and if these debts levels could be sustained, the company should be able to avoid any liquidity issues going forward (Johnson, 2009). Asset Utilisation Ratios The relevant asset utilisation ratios for the company are shown in the tabular format below. Ratio Formula FY2014 FY2015 Asset Turnover Sales/Total Assets 1.37 1.29 Inventory Turnover Cost of goods sold/Inventory 5.90 6.23 Receivables Turnover Sales/Accounts Receivables 11.42 9.60 Payables Turnover Cost of goods sold/Accounts Payable 8.78 15.15 The asset turnover ratio has declined in FY2015 which indicate towards lesser efficiency of usage of assets to generate sales. This is primarily due to lower proportionate increase in the sales as compared to the total assets. The inventory turnover has improved which is positive for the company as it indicates improvement in demand for the companys products. The receivables turnover has declined in FY2015 which indicates that higher time is taken to convert the sales into cash which may cause liquidity issues going forward. The payables turnover has increased in FY2015 which indicates a lower credit period to the company from suppliers (Parrino Kidwell, 2011). Investor Potential Ratios The relevant investor potential ratios for the company are shown in the tabular format below. Ratio Formula FY2014 FY2015 Earnings per share Net profit/Number of shares outstanding 0.38 0.18 Dividends per share (Pence) Total dividends/Number of shares outstanding 18.71 9.36 From the above calculation, it is apparent that there is a decline in the EPS and the per share dividend which is attributed to the decline in the net profits. Conclusion On the basis of the above calculations, it may be inferred that the companys performance in FY2015 is significantly inferior as compared to the corresponding performance in FY2014. This is apparent from the decline in profitability and increase in the debt levels which in general has resulted in liquidity crisis. Inventory days (2014) = 365/5.90 = 61.88 days Inventory days (2015) = 365/6.23 = 58.58 days Receivable days (2014) = 365/11.42 = 31.96 days Receivable days (2015) = 365/9.60 = 38.03 days Payable days (2014) = 365/8.78 = 41.57 days Payable days (2015) = 365/15.15 = 24.09 days Working capital cycle (2014) = 61.88 + 31.96 41.57 = 52 days Working capital cycle (2015) = 58.58 + 38.03 24.09 = 73 days From the above calculation, it may be inferred that the liquidity position of the company has worsened in FY2015 since the working capital cycle has increased to 73 days from 52 days in FY2014. There are certain limitations with regards to usage of ratio analysis. The ratio analysis is based on historical financial performance which may be indicative of the future performance of the company. Hence, making decisions with regards to firms based on the time series historical performance may not be appropriate. Additionally, the firms may enter into new customer segments which may fundamentally alter the key ratios that may not be highlighted by the ratio analysis (Palmer, 2006). In cross sectional comparison, the firms ratios are compared with that of the industry which may not be accurate since the various individual firms that constitute the industry may be operating in different markets and hence the comparison of ratio is not advisable since conclusions drawn would not be reliable (Damodaran, 2008). Part B In order to ascertain the economic feasibility of the given project using various appraisal techniques, it is critical to ascertain the incremental cash flows associated with the project on a yearly basis which is summarised in the table shown below. YEAR Particulars 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cash inflow from sale of products 1120000 1120000 1120000 1120000 1120000 1120000 (-) cash outflow due to expenses 275000 275000 275000 275000 275000 275000 (-) Depreciation expense 474583.3 474583.3 474583.3 474583.3 474583.3 474583.3 (-) Cash outflow initial outlay 3350000 Pre-tax cash inflow/(outflow) -3350000 370416.7 370416.7 370416.7 370416.7 370416.7 370416.7 Tax (@ 30%) 0 111125 111125 111125 111125 111125 111125 Post tax cash inflow/(Outflow) -3350000 259291.7 259291.7 259291.7 259291.7 259291.7 259291.7 (+) Salvage value cash inflow 502500 (+) Depreciation Expense 0 474583.3 474583.3 474583.3 474583.3 474583.3 474583.3 Net post tax cash inflow/(outflow) -3,350,000 733,875 733,875 733,875 733,875 733,875 1,236,375 It is imperative to note that since the tax rate information has not been provided for the given question, it has been assumed at 30%. On the basis of the above shown incremental cash flows, the various investment appraisal techniques would be applied in the manner shown below. Payback Period Initial investment = 3,350,000 Cash inflows during the first four years = 733875*4 = 2,935,500 Remaining investment to be still recovered = 3350000 2935500 = 414,500 Time required from the 5th year to recover the above = 414500/733875 = 0.56 Hence, payback period = 4.56 years Accounting rate of return It is evident from the table shown above that the average accounting profit for the company post tax is 259,291.7. Average investment = 0.5*(Investment Salvage value) = 0.5*(3350000 502500) = 1,423,750 Hence, the ARR = (259,291.7/1423750)*100 = 18.21% The NPV for the project has been estimated in the tabular format below taking the cost of capital as 7% pa. YEAR Particulars 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cash inflow from sale of products 1120000 1120000 1120000 1120000 1120000 1120000 (-) cash outflow due to expenses 275000 275000 275000 275000 275000 275000 (-) Depreciation expense 474583.3 474583.3 474583.3 474583.3 474583.3 474583.3 (-) Cash outflow initial outlay 3350000 Pre-tax cash inflow/(outflow) -3350000 370416.7 370416.7 370416.7 370416.7 370416.7 370416.7 Tax (@ 30%) 0 111125 111125 111125 111125 111125 111125 Post tax cash inflow/(Outflow) -3350000 259291.7 259291.7 259291.7 259291.7 259291.7 259291.7 (+) Salvage value cash inflow 502500 (+) Depreciation Expense 0 474583.3 474583.3 474583.3 474583.3 474583.3 474583.3 Net post tax cash inflow/(outflow) -3350000 733875 733875 733875 733875 733875 1236375 PV of cash inflow/(outflow) @(7%) -3350000 685864.5 640994.8 599060.6 559869.7 523242.7 823848.9 NPV () 482,881.26 Hence, the NPV of the project is 482,881.26. IRR or Internal Rate of Return The IRR for the project is estimated for the project as shown in the table below. YEAR Particulars 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cash inflow from sale of products 1120000 1120000 1120000 1120000 1120000 1120000 (-) cash outflow due to expenses 275000 275000 275000 275000 275000 275000 (-) Depreciation expense 474583.3 474583.3 474583.3 474583.3 474583.3 474583.3 (-) Cash outflow initial outlay 3350000 Pre-tax cash inflow/(outflow) -3350000 370416.7 370416.7 370416.7 370416.7 370416.7 370416.7 Tax (@ 30%) 0 111125 111125 111125 111125 111125 111125 Post tax cash inflow/(Outflow) -3350000 259291.7 259291.7 259291.7 259291.7 259291.7 259291.7 (+) Salvage value cash inflow 502500 (+) Depreciation Expense 0 474583.3 474583.3 474583.3 474583.3 474583.3 474583.3 Net post tax cash inflow/(outflow) -3350000 733875 733875 733875 733875 733875 1236375 PV of cash inflow/(outflow) -3350000 659806.7 593213.9 533342.2 479513.2 431117 653007.1 NPV 0.00 The discount rate used for the above computation is 11.22% which is the IRR. Discounted payback It is computed by taking into consideration the discounted incremental post tax cash flows assuming the cost of capital for the company to be 7%. Initial investment = 3,350,000 Discounted Cash inflows during the first four years = 685864.5 + 640994.8 + 599060.6 + 559869.7 + 523242.7 = 3,009,032.4 Remaining investment to be still recovered = 3,350,000 3,009,032.4 = 340,967.6 Time required from the 6th year to recover the above = 340967.6/823848.9 = 0.41 Hence, discounted payback period = 5.41 years Recommendation On the basis of the above investment appraisal techniques, it may be concluded that the machine should be bought and project should be pursued because of the following reasons (Petty et. al., 2015). The NPV of the project is greater than zero and hence the project is value accretive for the companys shareholders. The IRR of the project is greater than the cost of capital which stands at 7% for the given project. The payback period along with the discounted version both stand at values which are lesser than the project life. The critical appraisal of the various investment evaluation techniques presented above is carried out below. Payback Period Benefits It is easy and convenient to use since the calculations are minimised. It is not sensitive to any changes in the discount factor. Limitations The time of money is not considered in this metric. All cash flows occurring beyond the payback period are not reflected in the calculations. Due to the above limitations, the usage of payback period as a primary evaluation metric is rare. However, it is often deployed along with other superior metrics for determining the commercial viability of the projects (Bodie Merton, 2011). Accounting Rate of Return (ARR) Benefits It is easy and convenient to use since the complexity and underlying calculations are less It takes into consideration the underlying profitability of the project. Limitations The time of money is not considered in this metric. Consistency is an issue since its calculation varies widely due to which comparison becomes unreliable. The method is not based on cash flow information but is rather based on accounting income which limits its usage. Owing to the various limitations, ARR is almost never used as a standalone metric to analyse project feasibility. Its usage as a complementary metric of evaluation is rather limited due to the above issues that have been identified (Fridson Alvarez, 2007). NPV (Net Present Value) Benefits It is a reliable evaluation technique and can be deployed even when there are multiple outflows. It takes into consideration the cash flow over the whole life of the project and also considers the time value of money. Limitations It is comparatively complicated as compared to the other techniques with regards to calculation and overall complexity. It is particularly sensitive to the cost of capital or discount factor. NPV is without doubt the most widely used evaluation technique in capital budgeting due to its benefits. Further, with the advent of computers, calculations over long horizon are also simple to achieve. Also, with the aid of technology the prediction with regards to discount factor is becoming more accurate and dynamic to adjust with the changing times (Groppelli Nikbakht, 2011). IRR or Internal Rate of Return Benefits It takes into consideration incremental cash flows over the entire project life along with underlying time value. It is independent of the discount factor deployed though final decision is derived from the same. Limitations It is not reliable in cases when there are net cash outflows during the project. It is comparatively complex as compared to the other simpler techniques. Despite its limitations, IRR has wide acceptability in the industry and is used along with the NPV. In projects, where there is no net cash outflow during subsequent years besides at the beginning, IRR is a reliable metric (Jarrow, Maksimovic Ziemba, 2011). Discounted Payback Period Benefits It takes into consideration time value of money. It is a simple metric to compute compared to NPV and IRR. Limitations It does not consider the cash flows beyond the discounted payback period. Discounted payback period is a comparatively superior method compared to payback period since it considers the time value of money and hence is used as a complementary metric to NPV and IRR (Damodaran, 2008). Part C Internal Financing Means One source of internal finance that can be used for raising finance is in the form of equity from the promoters. This means of financing has certain benefits but also has some limitations. One potential benefit of promoter financing is that there is no equity dilution or loss of control which is pivotal for making crucial strategic decisions. Besides, this is a quick means of financing since it does not involve the usual legal and operational hassles which are involved in raising equity finance from capital markets. Additionally, from a company perspective there are no interest or repayment obligations which also eliminate bankruptcy risk and associated costs (Atrill McLaney, 2014). Despite the benefits, there are certain limitations of using promoter equity as a financing means. This is primarily because promoter may have only limited resources and hence the scope of this financing would be limited only. Further, considering the high risk involved in equity investing, the promoter may not be interested in putting high amount of equity as this may yield to huge losses. Besides, relying too much on promoter equity would cause concentration of ownership which may not be in the best interest of the company as diversity in ownership groups is preferable (Brigham Ehrhardt, 2013). External Financing Means One potent means of external financing is the issue of bank loan. It is a common means of external financing which is readily deployed. One of the benefits associated with availing a bank loan is non-dilution of equity and hence being able to retain control over the organisation along with key decision making. Besides, the bank loan is associated with interest payments which lower the tax liability of the company (Atrill McLaney, 2014). However there are certain limitations with regards to raising finance through bank loan. Since the loan needs to be repaid through monthly instalments along with the interest payment, there are significant liquidity risks and associated bankruptcy costs. Additionally, the banks typically impose various debt covenants that tend to limit the flexibility available to business. Besides, the interest payments owing to debt would tend to erode the business profitability and hence debt could be raised in moderation only (Brealey, Myers Allen, 2008). Break even analysis is an evaluation tool which is often applied in the organisation so as to aid decision making particularly with regards to price. However, the usage of break-even analysis is essentially based on a plethora of assumptions which are critically analysed below. The break even analysis is based on the core assumption that the various costs and expenses can be divided into two segregated compartments i.e. fixed costs and variable costs. However, this is not true for all costs since some of them may be mixed costs which have both fixed component and variable costs. Such sticky costs may put into question the decision reached by break even analysis model. An example of such costs could be electricity costs which to some extent would be fixed but also has a variable component and hence suitable changes need to be made (Parrino Kidwell, 2011). Further, the fixed costs are assumed to be constant irrespective of the activity level which may not be true especially beyond a certain specified activity level when even fixed costs would escalate. Usually this is not taken into consideration which adversely impacts the applicability of this technique. However, considerations may be made for this based on input from management (Damodaran, 2008). Also, it is assumed that variable cost varies in direct proportion with the activity level. However, this may not be true as due to economies of scale or diseconomies of scale, the per unit variable cost may decrease or increase respectively. This has assumed particular significance in the globalised world where production levels have become increasingly higher and hence the variable costs do not remain constant (Groppelli Nikbakht, 2011). The product and sales mix is assumed to be constant for break-even analysis which is not true especially in a globalised world which is hyper competitive. As a result, the sales mix is highly dynamic based upon the underlying market dynamics and thus rendering break even model with limited utility (Fridson Alvarez, 2007). An additional assumption is that the market conditions would remain constant which is not obeyed especially in the global markets where any happening in one part of the globe tends to have global impact of varying degree. Also, the consumer base of the multinational companies is increasingly becoming global due to which there are frequent variation in prices and cost (Petty et. al., 2015). From the above, it may be inferred that in the globalised world, the utility of the break even model has been put to question, however some of the above limitations can be dealt with by making the model more dynamic while maintaining the core model intact. Hence, the users of the model should made necessary changes to account for the various dynamic changes so that its utility remains intact going ahead. References Atkinson, A 2005, New sources of development finance, 3rd ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford Atrill, P McLaney, E 2014, Accounting and Finance for Non-Specialists, 9th ed., Trans-Atlantic Publications, Philadelphia, USA Bodie, Z Merton, R 2011, Finance. 3rd ed., Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ Brealey, R, Myers, S Allen, F 2008, Principles of Corporate Finance, 9th ed., McGraw Hill Publications, New YorkBrigham, E F Ehrhardt, MC 2013. Financial Management: Theory Practice, 14th ed., South-Western College Publications, New York Damodaran, A 2008, Corporate Finance, 2nd ed., Wiley Publications, London Fridson, M Alvarez, F 2007, Financial statement analysis, 4th ed., John Wiley Sons, New York Groppelli, A Nikbakht, E 2011, Finance, 3rd ed., Barron's, Hauppauge, New York Jarrow, R, Maksimovic, V Ziemba, W 2011, Finance, 3rd ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam Johnson, R 2009, Capital budgeting, 3rd ed., Wadsworth Pub. Co., Belmont, California Palmer, J 2006, Financial ratio analysis, American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, New York Parrino, R Kidwell, D 2011, Fundamentals of Corporate Finance, 3rd edn, Wiley Publications, London Petty, JW, Titman, S, Keown, AJ, Martin, P, Martin JD Burrow, M 2015, Financial Management: Principles and Applications,6th edn, Pearson Australia, Sydney

Informal Learning Experience free essay sample

This paper will discuss how my sisters’ drug addiction has been an informal learning experience for me and how my life has been effected trying to help her with this addiction. I will discuss how her experience with drugs occurred through classical conditioning by, identifying the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response. I will also explain how her experience occurred through operant conditioning by describing the behavior, the consequences, and reinforcements of her drug addiction. Finally, I will address how my learning experience occurred through cognitive social learning and how influences of media and prejudice played a factor. Growing up in a small town with no ambition to set goals and your all about your friends, you will head down a dark lonely path. At the age of 17, my sister Kaitlin decided that her friends knew what was best for and took to drugs. She hung around the wrong crowds and the environmental stimulus took precedence over nurture. We will write a custom essay sample on Informal Learning Experience or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My mom did not want to believe that her daughter was addicted to drugs. It wasn’t until the cops showed my mom a picture from the ATM machine, which showed Kaitlin withdrawing money and things in house started coming up missing. July of 2009 our Dad was hit by a drunk driver. I thought that this would be Kaitlin’s big wake up call. She knew that our father wanted her to get clean and how proud she would make him if she kicked this addiction. In August 2009, I allowed Kaitlin to move in with me and my family. Of course, she had strict guidelines and rules to follow or I wouldn’t hesitate to kick her out. She enrolled at the community college and thought she was on the up and up. 2 Weeks later, I noticed that checks were clearing under a bank account that I never touch. Low and be hold Kaitlin was forging my name to my checks and withdrawing thousands of dollars. I pressed chargers on her for forgery and theft. At this point, I have had enough; I had 3 kids that I needed to look out for their well being. I couldn’t waste anymore time or effort on my sister. It was tough love from here on out. Kaitlin spiraled out of control. In September 2009, our brother reached out to me to help get Kaitlin in a rehab program out of the state of Maryland or we would be burying another family member. We found a place in Louisiana that had a 90% success rate. To make a long story short in 2012 Kaitlin ends up pregnant. Swears up and down she is clean and hasn’t been using. On March 10th, 2013, my niece (Peyton) was born, addicted to heroin and numerous other drugs. I have opened my heart and home to this wonderful baby girl. She is a true blessing. I had to take a leave of absence from work without pay to provide for Peyton. It was a rough 2 months watching her go thru withdrawals. She is almost a year old and thriving. Unfortunately, being pregnant couldn’t make Kaitlin stop using drugs. To this very day she is still using drugs. Kaitlin’s addiction started with classical conditioning, a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. Behaviorism is based on the assumption that learning occurs through interactions with the environment (Cherry, n. d). A neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus capable of producing a given response after being repeatedly presented with the unconditioned (significant) stimulus (Carpenter Huffman, 2010). For example, an addict may use rolling papers, a pipe, or a syringe, etc (conditional stimulus) depending on the drug of their choice. An addict will eventually crave the drug of choice in the presence of these items (conditioned response), even when the drug is not present (unconditioned stimulus). The absence of the actual drug will lead to an overwhelming desire to use, (unconditional response). When the drugs and all the items are present and their body is going through withdrawals, when the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli occur together, the addict is powerless. Operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior (Cherry, n. d). Operant conditioning has not worked for my sister. One would think that losing your child would be punishment in its self. Or facing jail time for theft. Even though Kaitlin is faced with the potential consequences such as jail time, the loss of her child, and possibly death, she still shows no signs of wanting help. Before an addict can get the help they need to admit that they have a problem. On the plus side, because of Kaitlins addiction, I was rewarded with a beautiful baby girl. Cognitive-Social learning refers to a psychological model of behavior. Learning occurs in a social context and what is learned is gained through observation. Addicts have attitudes, beliefs, expectations, motivations, and emotions that affect learning (Carpenter Huffman, 2010). There are three core concepts of social learning. First, is the idea that people can learn through observation. Second, the idea that internal mental states are an essential part of this process. Third, this theory recognizes that just because something has been learned, it does not mean that it will result in a change in behavior (Denler, H. , Wolters, C. , Benzon, M, 2014). Drug addiction plays a major role with your mental state of mind. Kaitlin is now 27 years old but has the brain mentality of a 15 year old. She is bipolar and an antidepressant. Its said to have to sit back and watch the drugs eat away at her brain and knowing that her mental state of mind will continue to deteriorate. Media and prejudice on learning can influence parenting practices, the overall culture, and individual child factors. It simply makes sense for parents and other adults to monitor the amount and content of the media children are using. Adults must think carefully about the kinds of influences children are exposed to on a regular basis and make conscious decisions based on the individual children involved (Cook, J. L, 2010) . It isnt television per se that has positive or negative effects, but what is portrayed and how families handle it. If parents talked to their children about drug addiction and how this is a very hard disease to over come. How drugs are harmful to their health and the different types of consequences you would be faced with, if you chose to use drugs. Would help guide our children in the right direction. Telling children that something is bad, a lot of times gives them that curiosity of wanting to try it anyways. I use my sister has a great example to my children on why you shouldnt use drugs. They got to see first hand what drugs can to do you, and seeing poor little Peyton go through withdrawals, broke their little hearts. I think their should more advertisements on TV and on billboards about drug addiction, telling children not to use drugs. In conclusion, my informal learning experience with dealing with a drug addicted sister, has opened my eyes to the type of environment we live in. Even though I talk to my children about drugs, it still worries me as they get older, will their friends have more pull and try to persuade them down the wrong path or will they listen and use their Aunt has an example of what not to do? The decisions we make in life will either haunt us or make us a better person. Classical conditioning is a learned behavior that happens with or without the presence of the stimulus. Operant conditioning is knowing that there are consequences for this learned behavior (drug use), that results in punishment (loss of your daughter, the presence of old friends, places and things resulting in possible relapse). Cognitive-social learning is coming to the realization that through participation and recovery programs, listening to other addicts stories, and seeing how how some addicts chose to recover.

Communication Research Paper Writing Tips

Communication Research Paper Writing Tips Tips on Writing a Communication Research Paper The name of this particular type of assignments makes it clear that a communication research paper depicts the process of interaction between people. It is based on sociological baselines in addition to other fields like ethics, anthropology, society, fine arts, etc. As a rule, it is assigned to students who have a communication study course and learn different types of interactions including rhetorical, interpersonal, theoretical, and some others. Once you have been assigned to write a paper on any of the above-mentioned topics, you should keep in mind that one theme cannot exist without a close relation with another. This is our first and foremost tip when writing a communication research paper. Now, lets have a closer look at the structure of the paper as well as general writing advice. Communication Research Paper Structure Any academic assignment is supposed to have a clear structure featuring every block logically connected with each other. The same thing is with a communication research paper. Keep an eye on every stage of the writing process to ensure the following: A Solid Introduction the first step is to write a long introduction where you highlight all the facts, problems. methodology and solutions. Not only your introduction is supposed to be informative, but also interesting for the reader. The introduction must include a strong thesis statement as well; Do the Research the term research paper considers doing some research work and analysis. The more validity your paper gets, the more trust your readers will have. State all the information in a persuasive but not intrusive way. Present yourself as an expert in a chosen field. The only way to achieve such approach is to get involved in a thorough investigation of the topic; Write the Body each body paragraph is the core of your major work. It should contain 100% of your findings in addition to argumentations and solutions to the problems raised in the introduction section. Drive your readers to a conclusion and encourage them for a discussion; Write a Conclusion a conclusion may be divided into two paragraphs when it comes to a communication research paper. They include discussion and summary. The first part should highlight the weak and strong aspects of the topic in addition to development opportunities and solutions. The second paragraph summarizes the information and introduces results. As you can see, a research paper on communication has a typical structure although it requires maximum involvement and investigation. Some General Writing Advice Most students start facing difficulties at first steps of writing a communication paper. You may boast the best analytic skills but still fail to get started. This is where our general writing advice may come in handy: Think of a provoking and inspiring topic that would be of great interest for your readers. Once you are able to grab their attention and make them read the text till the end, the academic success is guaranteed. Plan ahead and write an outline. The idea is to work out an effective writing strategy in advance. Look through as many communication articles, studies, surveys and other information sources as you can. Us experts opinions and include some of your own thoughts as a real-life example. Overview your paper before providing it to your teacher. Ask your friends or relatives to read it and share their opinion. A communication research paper is not about studying published articles and researches. It is about the ability to analyze and compare sources to provide your own summary of the problem. The idea is to help students contribute in the discipline by offering their own solutions. Write from the first person unless the requirements are different. Reference list is obligatory for this type of assignment. Mistakes to Avoid We hope our tips and recommendations will put an ease on the writing process making it as clear as possible. However, you should still avoid some of the common mistakes many students do when writing a communication research paper: Avoid presenting a simple compilation of material that has been already published by scientists and experts; Avoid all types of mistakes including grammar, stylistic and spelling; Avoid plagiarism and make your paper unique; Do not use superlatives, do not be too intensive; Include every part of the paper structure; Stick to the subject. If you still face difficulties when completing this type of assignment, you can opt for professional writing services and forget about all your education troubles for good!

Statistics and Legalization of Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Statistics and Legalization of Abortion - Essay Example In very simple words, abortion is the final consequence of a woman's decision of terminating her pregnancy. However, the reasons responsible for this decision vary immensely with individuals and the circumstances they are up against. In medical terms there are two types of abortion; one is miscarriage, also called spontaneous abortion which mostly occurs in early pregnancy say due to environmental factors, the age and the health of the pregnant women. This risk of miscarriage is high among women over the age of 35 or among those who have a history of several spontaneous or induce abortion. The second type of abortion is induced abortion, and has become synonymous to the word abortion today. This form of abortion can be due to many reasons and is therefore surrounded by an intense social and moral debate. The practice of induced abortion can be traced back in to history where certain sharp tools were used for this procedure, also with the help of certain herbs and by applying abdominal pressure. However, in ancient Greece women wishing to terminate their pregnancy were advised to engage in exercise, carrying heavy objects and riding animals instead of using sharp tools for the procedure. One of the reasons for abortion is preference for a particular sex for the child and is more common in Asian countries which have a culture preference of son. Due to medical advances, it is very convenient today to determine the sex of the child before birth through ultrasound, which has led to the occurrence of sex selected abortion in many cases. For example in India and Pakistan a son is seen as a bread earner in the family and high dowry expenses are tied with the existence of a daughter, there the rate of sex targeted abortion is very high as most families already facing financial difficulties prefer sons than daughters. In India alone "researchers have asserted that between 1985 and 2005 as many as 10 million female fetuses may have been selectively aborted" (Reaney, Patricia. 2006). Another reason for sex selective abortion evident in china is due to its historic preference of sons and its one child policy, which has been implemented due to population concerns in this country. This lead to an increase in sex selective abortions and an imbalance in the ratio of male versus female population became evident, in response to which China put a ban on this type of abortion in 2002. Due to the ban on abortion in many countries, as will be discussed in detail later, and also due to lack of access to safe abortion especially in the rural areas women have turned to unsafe methods of terminating their pregnancies. "black alley abortions" is a term uses for such types of abortions which lack hygiene and proper medical skills to perform such a procedure and can even result in death of the woman. According to the estimates of The World Health Organization (WHO) as much as 19 million unsafe abortions are carried out around the world each year. And 68,000 among these result in the death of the women. "A 2007 study published in The Lancet found that, although the global rate of abortion declined from 45.6 million in 1995 to 41.6 million in 2003, unsafe procedures still accounted for 48% of all abortions performed in 2003." (Sedgh et al. 2007) Legalization of Abortion There is no universal law which applies the legalization or ban of abortion. Currently the laws relating to this sensitive issue vary from country to country depending on the religious, moral and

Real Estate business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Real Estate business - Essay Example The role of a registered chartered surveyor is crucial in any property transaction and resolving problems between landlord and tenant. Professional ethics and rational, analytical, and unbiased observations should be applied in all dealing. A registered surveyor should pay much attention to client requirements and deliver exact services they need. They should go through records related to the property, physical condition of the building and environment, any legal complications involved in the transaction and keep a record of each aspect concerning the property and produce a comprehensive report. First and foremost, as a responsible guide to prospective client, it is the responsibility of surveyor to identify client requirement and get abreast with basic information about the property. Client might have got information from word of mouth or from an estate agent, generally interested in his own ulterior motive, to extract profit. The first-hand information available with the client may not be factual and carry hidden agenda of the estate agent. As such, it is obligatory to ascertain source of information and get acquainted with the area. Primary to the enquiry is to identify problems prevalent in the area and local amenities. Prime requirement of every client is to have a calm, cordial, and cooperative environment conducive to their aspirations at the same time capable to return more benefits from their investment. It is the supreme responsibility of a property surveyor or manager to ascertain the above-mentioned pre-requisites.

Making survery and interview questions for proposal Assignment

Making survery and interview questions for proposal - Assignment Example The survey questions for both groups are presented below. It is expected that these questions will be able to search out for most reasons behind placement problems for international students. The results from these surveys can be used to piece together effective strategies to deal with international students placement problems. In order to deal with placement problems for international students, the representative of the Career Center at UMD will be interviewed to discern the nature of obstacles causing the problems. The information extracted from this interview will enable the creation of strategies that would augment the hiring of international students who graduate from UMD. The sample questions for the interview are listed below. 3. How would you place the responsibility of low placement figures for international students – with the students themselves, the university, the economic circumstances or a combination of all these? It is expected that answers to these questions from the Representative of Career Center at UMD will yield much required insight that would be required to solve the international student placement

Principles of Liability in Negligence in Business Activities

Principles of Liability in Negligence in Business Activities Aspects of Contract and Negligence for Business Ingrida Miseviciute Table of Contents Task 1 (AC3.1)1 Task 2 (AC3.2)2 Task 3 (AC3.3)3 Task 4 (AC4.1)4 Task 5 (AC4.2)5 References6 LO 3 Understand principles of liability in negligence in business activities Task 1 (AC 3.1) Liability in Tort Contractual liability Definition: A tort is a legal term describing a violation where one person causes damage, injury, or harm to another person. The violation may result from intentional actions, a breach of duty as in negligence, or due to a violation of statutes. Explanation: The party that commits the tort is called the tortfeasor. A tortfeasor incurs tort liability, meaning that they will have to reimburse the victim for the harm that they caused them. In other words, the tortfeasor who is found to be â€Å"liable† or responsible for a person’s injuries will likely be required to pay damages. Damages: Under most tort laws, the injury suffered by the plaintiff does not have to actually be physical. A tortfeasor may be required to pay damages for other types of harm, including emotional distress or a violation of personal rights. Types: Joint Liability Vicarious Liability Liability to/for Third Parties Plaintiff/victim Liability Strict Liability Parent Liability. Definition: Contractual liabilityis defined as liability that does not arise by way of negligence, but by assumption under contract or agreement. Explanation: A contract is a legal binding agreement between two or more persons. When you sign, or agree to the terms of a contract, then you have accepted the contractual liabilities set forth in the document. Damages: Liabilities are things that you can be held accountable for, and may have to repay or replace, in the event that they occur. For example, a renter’sagreement may state that, If upon moving out of the premises stated in the contract, any part of the premises is destroyed, you may be accountable for and have to pay to repair, or replace the damage. Types: Contractual liability can take many forms, but is basically holds you accountable for damages that are stated in the contract. For example, Commercial contracts, domestic contracts and so forth. Task 2 (AC3.2) Negligence is a failure to use reasonable care that results in harm to another party. There are four important elements to a negligence lawsuit that must be proven: The defendant owed a duty, either to the plaintiff or to the general public The defendant violated that duty The defendants violation of the duty resulted in harm to the plaintiff The plaintiffs injury was foreseeable by a reasonable person. Donohughe V Stevenson (1932) This famous case established the civil law tort of negligence and obliged manufacturers to have a duty of care towards their customers. The events of the complaint took place in Scotland in 1928, when Ms May Donoghue was given a bottle of ginger beer, purchased by a friend. The bottle was later discovered to contain a decomposing snail. Since the bottle was not of clear glass, Donoghue was not aware of the snail until she had consumed most of its contents. She later fell ill and was diagnosed with gastroenteritis by a doctor. Donoghue subsequently took legal action against the manufacturer of the ginger beer, Stevenson. She lodged a writ in the Court of Sessions (Scotland’s highest civil court) seeking  £500 damages. Because her friend had purchased the drink, Donoghue could not sue on the basis that a contract had been breached; her lawyers instead had to claim that Stevenson had a duty of care to his consumers and that he had caused injury through negligence – an area of civil law that was largely untested at that time. Stevenson’s lawyers challenged the action on the basis that no precedents existed for such a claim. However Donoghue was later granted leave to appeal to the House of Lords, which then had the judicial authority to hear appellate cases. The leading judgement, delivered by Lord Atkin in 1932, established that Stevenson should be responsible for the well-being of individuals who consume his products, given that they could not be inspected. The case was returned to the original court; Stevenson died before the case was finalised and Donoghue was awarded a reduced amount of damages from his estate. This case established several legal principles: Firstly, that negligence is a distinct tort. A plaintiff can take civil action against a respondent, if the respondent’s negligence causes the plaintiff injury or loss of property. Previously the plaintiff had to demonstrate some contractual arrangement for negligence to be proven, such as the sale of an item or an agreement to provide a service. Since Donoghue had not purchased the drink, she could prove no contractual arrangement with Stevenson – yet Atkin’s judgement established that Stevenson was still responsible for the integrity of his product. Secondly, manufacturers have a duty of care to consumers. According to Lord Atkin’s ratio decendi, â€Å"a manufacturer of products, which he sells †¦ to reach the ultimate consumer in the form in which they left him †¦ owes a duty to the consumer to take reasonable care†. This precedent has evolved and expanded to form the basis of laws that protect consumers from contaminated or faulty goods. Thirdly, Lord Atkin’s controversial ‘neighbour principle’. Here Atkin raised the question of which people may be directly affected by our actions, our conduct or things we manufacture. â€Å"You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. Who, then, in law, is my neighbour? The answer seems to be: persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought to have them in [mind] when I am I am [considering these] acts or omissions.† Task 3 (AC3.3) Vicarious liability is a situation in which one party is held partly responsible for the unlawful actions of a third party. The third party also carries his or her own share of the liability. Vicarious liability can arise in situations where one party is supposed to be responsible for (and have control over) a third party, and is negligent in carrying out that responsibility and exercising that control. If an employee injures someone in the course of their employment, the employer may be subject to vicarious liability. This simply means that the injured person may be able to win compensation for the harm from the employer, rather than the employee. This is not to say, though, that the employee can always count on getting away scot-free. Even if there is vicarious liability, the injured person does not necessarily give up any right he may have to pursue the employee individually. If, for some reason, the injured person is unable to get full compensation from the employer, then he might seek to recover the balance from the employee. In addition, the employer may well seek reimbursement for any amount paid to the injured person (although in practice this rarely occurs). Generally, employers dispute vicarious liability claims on the following grounds: The person who caused the harm was not an employee, but an independent contractor or other non-employee worker; The employee did not harm the injured person in the course of the employees employment. An illustration of the test is provided by two contrasting cases, [Limpus v London General Omnibus Company] and [Beard v London General Omnibus Company], both involving road collisions. In the former, a driver pulled in front of another rival omnibus, in order to obstruct it. Despite express prohibitions from the employer, they were found liable; this was merely an unauthorised mode of the employee carrying out his duties (driving), not an entirely new activity. By contrast, in the latter case, London General Omnibus Company were not liable where a conductor (employed to collect fares on board the bus) negligently chose to drive the vehicle instead; this was completely outside of his duties. LO 4 Be able to apply principles of liability in negligence in business situations Task 4.1(AC4.1) A tort, in common law jurisdictions, is a civil wrong which unfairly causes someone else to suffer loss or harm resulting in legal liability for the person who commits the act. Although crimes may be torts, the cause of legal action is not necessarily a crime, as the harm may be due to negligence which does not amount to criminal negligence. The victim of the harm can recover their loss as damages in a lawsuit. In order to prevail, the plaintiff in the lawsuit must show that the actions or lack of action was the legally recognizable cause of the harm. The equivalent of tort in civil law jurisdictions is delict. Tort law is different from criminal law in that: (1) torts may result from negligent but not intentional or criminal actions and (2) tort lawsuits have a lower burden of proof such as preponderance of evidence rather than beyond a reasonable doubt. Sometimes a plaintiff may prevail in a tort case even if the person who caused the harm was acquitted in an earlier criminal trial. For example, O.J. Simpson was acquitted in criminal court and later found liable for the tort of wrongful death. Torts may be categorized in several ways, with a particularly common division between negligent and intentional torts. The standard action in tort is negligence. Negligence is a tort which arises from the breach of the duty of care owed by one person to another from the perspective of a reasonable person. The majority determined that the definition of negligence can be divided into four component parts that the plaintiff must prove to establish negligence. The elements in determining the liability for negligence are: The plaintiff was owed a duty of care through a special relationship (e.g. doctor-patient) or some other principle. There was a dereliction or breach of that duty. The tortfeasor directly caused the injury [but for the defendants actions, the plaintiff would not have suffered an injury]. The plaintiff suffered damage as a result of that breach. The damage was not too remote; there was proximate cause to show the breach caused the damage. Elements of Negligence Proximate cause Proximate cause means that you must be able to show that the harm was caused by the tort you are suing for. The defence may argue that there was a prior cause or a superseding intervening cause. A common situation where a prior cause becomes an issue is the personal injury car accident, where the person re-injures an old injury. Duty of care It arises when one party creates a scenario that has the potential to harm the other party. Duty focuses on relationship between the two parties: The test whether the defendant owes a duty of care to plaintiff includes: Would a reasonable person have foreseen that the actions would have caused harm to the plaintiff? Reasonable person represents an objective standard. Breach of duty Breach of duty occurs when a â€Å"reasonable person† is not exercising the degree of care that would have expected from him/her in that situation. Reasonable person is an average person. It does not require perfection, but takes into account that an average person does not foresee every risk. The average person is not assumed to be flawless, but ordinarily careful and prudent. Actual Harm Actual harm could be in the form of physical or emotional injuries, property damages or financial loss. The main remedy against tortious loss is compensation in damages or money. According to the scenario, Chris was in an internet cafe. He got up to purchase a coffee and was slipped on some water that was on the floor and broke his arm. This depends upon the intention of Chris. If Chris slipped intentionally and did foresee this accident, then the cafe’ will not be responsible for the damages caused. If this is not the case, then the elements of negligence need to be applied to see if Chris can claim the damages. Negligence is important aspect to look at, means that the defendant (the cafe’) failed to act in a reasonable manner under the circumstances. For example, it is reasonable to expect that the cafe’ placed a warning signs in recently mopped areas or wet surface. If this is not done, then it means that the cafe’ did not fulfil the duty of care. Chris can claim damages as a result of it as he slipped and broke his arm. There are various implications on the scenario in terms of duty of care, negligence (intentional or otherwise) and it is up to the court to decide the outcome. Task 5 (AC4.2) Two clear elements must be established in order to establish a vicarious liability: Was the tortfeasor the defendant’s employee; and Was the tortfeasor acting in the course of his or her employment at the time the tort was committed. The existence of a relationship of employer and employee Many tests have been suggested for distinguishing between a contract of service and a contract for services. These include: Control test Ready Mix Concrete Ltd v Minister of Pensions and National Insurance (1968) Integration test – Stevenson Jordan Harrison Ltd v MacDonald Evans (1952) Organisation Test – Albrighton v Royal Prince Alfred Hopital (1980) â€Å"The ultimate question will always be whether a person is acting as the servant of another or on his own behalf and the answer to that question may be indicated in ways which are not always the same and which do not always have the same significance†. Conclusion as to whether defendant is an employer or contractor. If the defendant is an independent contractor the employer can’t be vicariously liable for the acts of that contractor. The employer will only be liable (as a primary liability) if the employer’s tortious duty is, in law, non-delegable: Kondis v STA; Burnie Port Authority v General Jones Pty Ltd. Was the employee acting within the course of employment? General rule is that whilst acting in the course of employment the employer is not vicariously liable for independent wrongful acts of employees (Bugge Brown). In determining the scope of the employment relationship the actions of the employee must be reasonably incidental to employment i.e. the employer is not vicariously liable if the employee is on a frolic of their own (Joel v Morison). (Situations to consider the necessary authorities) Wrongful mode of completing authorised act – employer vicariously liable (Bugge Brown) Express prohibition by employer not necessarily a defence if the employee’s act was still a mode of doing what he employee was employed to do – employer vicariously liable (Century Insurance Company v Northern Island Road Transport). Acting outside scope of employment relationship – employer not vicariously liable (Koorang Investments v Richardson). Driving cases For example, there are a number of truck driving cases where the court has had to decide whether the driver was acting within the course of his employment when driving the vehicle outside a designated route. Essentially, the pattern seems to be that if the drivers job is to get from Point A to Point B, and his detour from the designated route was simply another way of getting to Point B, then he is acting within the course of his employment. On the other hand, if the driver takes a detour for some other, non-business purpose (such as picking up a girlfriend and taking her shopping) then he would likely be regarded as acting outside the course of his employment. According to the scenario, Trevor is a driver who drives a lorry for a Haulage firm. He delivers deliveries for the company which suggests that he is an employee of the firm. Whilst at work, he detours the lorry and meets his girl friend. This is a non business purpose which means he is acting outside the scope of his duties. As he leaves his girlfriend’s house to continue deliveries, he negligently crashes into a car park. As stated above, two conditions must be met in order to establish a vicarious liability: was the tortfeasor the defendant’s employee; and Was the tortfeasor acting in the course of his or her employment at the time the tort was committed. In this case, the tortfeasor was Chris and the defendant is the Haulage firm. Chris was an employee and also he was acting in the course of his employment to meet his girlfriend and later on crashes his lorry. The vicarious liability is established and hence Chris is liable and not the haulage firm. References Tort Liability (2014). Available: http://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/tort-law-liability.html. [Last accessed 10 March, 2014] Donoghue V Stevenson (1932). Available: http://lawgovpol.com/case-study-donoghue-v-stevenson-1932/. [Last accessed 12 March, 2014]. Negligence (2014). Available: http://www.lawyersandsettlements.com/lawsuit/negligence.html?opt=cutm_expid=36075225.Uj6X3hD9S1KR79nt0Iy0tA.1utm_referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2F#.UySBAj9_sSM. [Last accessed 12 March, 2014] Accidents and injuries (2014). Available: http://www.findlaw.co.uk/law/accidents_and_injuries/accident_claims/500045.html. [Last accessed 13 March, 2014] Vicarious Liability (2014). Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicarious_liability_in_English_law. [Last accessed 13 March, 2014] Breach of duty (2014). Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breach_of_duty_in_English_law. [Last accessed 14 March, 2014] Tort (2014). Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort. [Last accessed 14 March, 2014] Eustace, D, (2007) Negligent Misstatement – Dillon Eustace. Keenan, D., and Smith, K., (2006) Law for Business (13th Edition) Pearson Education Limited. McKendrick, E. Contract Law (2000). fourth edition. McMillan. Basington. Poole, J. Casebook on Contract Law (2001). 5th edition. London. Vickneswaren, K., (1997) Obligations: Contract Law (1st Edition) Old Bailey Press: London.

Red Badge of Courage Essay: Battle for Adulthood :: Red Badge Courage Essays

A Battle for Adulthood in Red Badge of Courage    Throughout the novel, The Red Badge of Courage, written by Stephen Crane, a theme is portrayed within a battle that takes place during the Civil War. It is that each person must find the courage to win his or her won battle for maturity or adulthood. A soldier, who is also the main character, Henry Fleming, exemplifies this theme.    Henry Fleming begins as an immature soldier who enlists in the army without knowing a reason why. Henry has a romantic view of the war, and expects it to be glorious: â€Å"They [battles] might not be distinctly Homeric, but there seemed to be much glory in them. He [Henry] had read of marches, sieges, conflicts, and he had longed to see it all.† Henry obviously lacks maturity because he was very determined to enlist in the army, but tries to blame the government for being at war.    Henry starts to realize that there are no heroes and that there are no individuals: â€Å"He had grown to regard himself merely as a part of a vast blue demonstration.† Therefore he is beginning to fight the battle within himself into adulthood. Henry looses some of his selfishness and gains concern for others, another stepping stone: â€Å"He felt the subtle battle brotherhood more potent even than the cause for which he was fighting.† Henry deserts a dying soldier and runs from a battle, but recognizes that running away was wrong. It isn’t a mature action, but he is mature to realize the magnitude of running.    With the knowledge of his past mistakes, Henry goes into battle without thinking about the past and fights heroically. After a general makes a derogatory remark about Henry and his comrades, it reveals Henry’s change of attitude. He accepts the comment without rebellion and fights with courage. Because of the success of fighting bravely, Henry has the self-esteem to deal with his mistakes as an adult. As a mature person he can learn from his mistakes.

Macro Environmental Analysis Of Italy

Political facetsThe Italian political relations and authorities are a merger of democracy and democracy, with people ‘s representatives in the parliament governing the state. Italy ‘s Chief of province is President Giorgio Napolitano. Premier Minister Silvio Berlusconi is the caput of the province in Italy. He administrates a multi-party system for successful running of the political activities. Italy was a founding member of the European Union ( EU ) . Today Italy is a member of many important international organsations like MIF, UN, G8, NATO, OECD, GATT/WTO or the OSCE. Italy has been a member of WTO since 1995 and it is besides of import to state that all EU member provinces are WTO members. So Italy ‘s trade policy is about the same as that of other members of the European Union. This fact makes clear that WTO trading spouses have less jobs in trading because of the remotion of all barriers to international trade in goods and services.Demographical facetsItaly h as developed into an industrial state, which is divided in two parts. The first portion is the industrial developed North, which is dominated by private companies. The 2nd portion is the agricultural South. The unemployment in the South is reasonably high and it is clearly to see that this portion of Italy is less developed. The Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) is one of the most of import economical indexs. For Italy the GDP is $ 1.823 trillion in 2008. But one has to maintain in head that this figure does non mention to the population. If one wants to take in this aspects one should look at the GDP ( PPP ) . For Italy this is $ 31,300 this means how much the mean individual life in Italy hast to pass. As an investor this figure might go really ready to hand because one can see how much money a state has to devour in luxury goods. Alternatively of being able to afford 1s basic demands. The existent GDP growing rate in Italy achieved an sum of -1 % in 2008. The chief industries in Ita ly are touristry, machinery, Fe and steel, chemicals, nutrient processing, fabrics, motor vehicles, vesture, footwear, ceramics. The chief resources of Italy are mined merchandises like coal, Zn, natural gas and a rough oil militias.Macro environmental analysis of IndiaPolitical facetsIndia is a democracy. The people of India elect their authoritiess at all degrees ( Union, State and local ) by a system of cosmopolitan grownup franchise ; popularly known as & A ; lsquo ; One adult male one ballot ‘ . The cardinal authorities exercises its wide administrative powers in the name of the President, whose responsibilities are mostly ceremonial. The fundamental law designates the administration of India under two subdivisions viz. the executive subdivision and Real national executive power is centered in the Council of Ministers, led by the Prime Minister of India. India suffered political instability for a few old ages due to the failure of any party to win an absolute bulk in Parliament. However, political stableness did non alter India ‘s economic class though it delayed certain determinations associating to the economic system.Membership of international organisations:ADB, AfDB ( nonregional member ) , ARF, ASEAN ( dialogue spouse ) , BIMSTEC, BIS, C, CERN ( observer ) , CP, EAS, FAO, G-15, G-20, G-24, G-77, IFAD, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, LAS ( observer ) , NAM, OAS ( observer ) , PIF ( spouse ) , SCO ( observer ) , UN, UNESCO, UNWTO, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTOInternational Relationss:International dealingss ships between India and a batch of the states in our universe have been comparatively good.Trade Policy:India is a member of the World Trade Organization and its predecessor the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ) . While take parting in its council meetings, India has been important in voicing the concerns of the underdevelo ped universe. For case, India has continued its resistance to the inclusion of such affairs as labor and environment issues and other non-tariff barriers into the WTO policies. Despite cut downing import limitations several times in the 2000, India was evaluated by the World Trade Organization in 2008 as more restrictive than similar developing economic systems, such as Brazil, China, and Russia. The WTO besides identified electricity deficits and unequal transit substructure as important restraints on trade. Its restrictiveness has been cited as a factor which has isolated it from the planetary fiscal crisis of 2008-2009 more than other states, even though it has reduced on-going economic growing.Demographical facetsIndia has a entire population of 1,17 billion people in 2009 and growing rate of 1.5 % in 2009 with an mean age of 25 old ages. India has a batch of immature people and with a Birth rate of 21.76 births/1,000 it has the highest birth rate of the three states. Little over a one-fourth of the population in India lives in metropolis ‘s with 29 % this is comparatively low. However the grade of urbanisation in India is 2,4 % wich is besides th e highest urbanisation rate of our three states. The labour force in India is the 2nd largest in the universe with 523.5 million people in 2008 it is besides the biggest of our three states. There is a batch of difference in instruction degrees in India. There is a strong line between truly high instruction and people that are non or ill educated.Comparison between Italy and IndiaPolitical facetsIndia is a democracy, Italy is a merger of democracy and democracy. This means that both states are free and people who live at that place make the determinations. The people of India elect their authorities by a ballot, which have the map of a President. Italy ‘s leader is President Giorgio Napolitano and Premier Minister Silvio Berlusconi. India is one of the major bring forthing states of coal. It besides has important sedimentations of Fe, manganese, isinglass, bauxite, Ti, Br, natural gas, diamonds, crude oil and limestone. The natural resources for Italy are chiefly mined merchandises like coal, Zn, natural gas and a rough oil militias. India is non a member of the EU like Italy, which was a founding member of the EU, however international relationships between India and a batch of other states have been comparatively good.Demographical facetsIndia has a population of 1.166.079.217 dwellers. In comparing Italy ‘s population is 58.000.000. Apart from the major difference in population, the demographical facets for India and Italy are unequal. India has a population growing rate of 1.548 % whereas Italy has a growing rate of -0.047 % . The population in India is rather immature in comparing with the population of Italy. In twelvemonth 2005 India ‘s urbanisation had an one-year rate of 2.4 % , Italy merely 0.4 % . These facts show us that there are a batch of differences between the two states.Economic facetsAs an economical index, frequently it is reffered to the Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) . For India the GPD is $ 3.297 trillion with an one-year growing of 6.7 % . In Italy this sum is $ 1.823 trillion with a clear smaller growing rate of -5.1 % per twelvemonth. Both states have in common that most of the GDP is made in the service sector. In Italy the service sector makes up 71 % of the entire GDP while in India it is 53.4 % . Italy ‘s major exports are precision machinery, motor vehicles ( utilitaries, luxury vehicles, bikes, scooters ) , chemicals and electric goods, but the state ‘s more celebrated exports are in the Fieldss of nutrient and vesture. India ‘s major export trade goods included technology goods, crude oil merchandises, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, treas ures and jewelry, fabrics and garments, agricultural merchandises, Fe ore and other minerals.Italy and India in comparing to The NetherlandsPolitical facetsIn the Netherlands the signifier of authorities is non similar to the 1s from India or Italy. It is a parliamentary representative democratic constitutional monarchy province. The disposal constitutionally consists of the Queen and the Cabinet Ministers. By the early eighties the Dutch public assistance province had become the most extended societal security system In the universe but the public assistance province came into crisis when disbursement rose due to dramatic high unemployment rates and hapless economic growing. The centre-right and centre-left alliances wanted the Dutch public assistance province to make new occupations and to convey the budget shortage under control. So that they reduced societal benefits, lowered the revenue enhancements and deregulated the concerns. With these solutions the economic system was recovered and the budget shortage and unemployment were reduced well. The Netherlands has a sum of 11 Parties and the major political parties are CDA ( Christian Democratic Appeal ) , PvdA ( Labour Party ) , SP ( Socialist Party ) , and VVD ( People ‘s Party for Freedom and Democracy ) . The Dutch Parliament consists of a Second Chamber and a First Chamber. Both Chamberss of parliament discuss proposed statute law and reappraisal of the actions of the cabinet. The CDA has the most seats in the Chambers.Membership of international organisations:The Netherlands is an active and responsible participant in the United Nations system every bit good as other many-sided organisations such as the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , and International Monetary Fund.Trade Policy:In 2007 the exports of the Netherlands were $ 457.2 billion. The chief export trade goods are machinery and equipment, fuels, chemicals and groceries. The Netherlands is a strong advocate of free trade and is a member of international forums like WTO and OECD. The portion of foreign trade in its GDP is more than 125 % . The Netherlands ‘ top three export spouses are Germany, Belgium and France.Demographical facetsWith 16.5 Million dwellers The Netherlands have a high population denseness of about 400 people per square kilometers. The birth rate exceeds the decease rate with 10.9/1000 people against 8.68 death/1000 population and a really high net in-migration rate with 2.72 migrants/1000 people besides contributes to this. Therefore the Dutch population increased by 50 % since the 1960 ‘s. Recently the population roar is easy worsening. The population is largely divided in middle-sized metropoliss.Economic facets between the different statesEconomic facets of the NetherlandsThe Netherlands has a comfortable and unfastened economic system, which depends to a great extent on foreign trade. Its economic system is besides noted for stabl e industrial dealingss, reasonably low unemployment and rising prices and a ample current history excess. From 2004 boulder clay 2006 the GDP went from about $ 610 billion up to $ 670 billion. The GDP per capita in the Netherlands is the highest of the tree reference states. The state has been one of the taking European states for pulling foreign direct investing and is one of the four largest investors in the US. The gait of occupation growing reached 10-year highs in 2007, but economic growing fell aggressively in 2008 as radioactive dust from the universe fiscal crisis constricted demand and raised the ghost of a recession in 2009.Main industries:Natural gas ; Dutch industry is diversified and includes a assortment of concerns that range from fabrication, excavation, and energy production to building and chemical fabrication.Economic facets of ItalyItaly has developed into an industrial state ranked by both the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund as the universe ‘s 7th largest economic system in USD exchange-rate footings and ten percent largest in footings of buying power para ( PPP ) by World Bank, IMF and the CIA World Factbook. More late, Italy has faced sulky economic growing and decreased international fight. Italy ‘s econ omic strength is in the processing and the fabrication of goods, chiefly in little and moderate-sized family-owned houses. The state has been less successful in footings of developing universe category transnational corporations.Economic facets of IndiaIndia has had a market based system from 1991 boulder clay now. Before that the authorities blocked a batch of the import/ export merchandises to protect the people. India achieved 9.6 % GDP growing in 2006, 9.0 % in 2007, and 6.6 % in 2008 this likely due to the planetary economic crisis seting the state on place 28 in the universe. The GDP ( buying power para ) did nevertheless turn from $ 2.816 trillion in 2006 to $ 3.069 trillion in 2007 to $ 3.297 trillion in 2008 puting India on place 5 harmonizing to the cia universe factbook.Most of this ( 53.4 % 2008 ) comes from the services sector in India.DecisionWhich state will hold the best market to export goods and merchandises to? India is a really interesting state to merchandise with. The economic system is on a strong growing flight and anticipations are that it keeps turning. All India has to make is maintain their market unfastened and maintain on working on bettering their substructure and educational system, this would besides better their GDP per capita. India has besides hardly been affected by the economic crisis of 2008/2009 Italy on the other manus has had a existent job since the beginning of the crisis, in the EU Italy has taken one of the hardest hits on GDP ( PPP ) and GDP Growth rate, nevertheless, even before the start of the crisis the Italian economic system had already been & amp ; lsquo ; sulky ‘ . In the terminal, it all depends on what goods and merchandises you are be aftering to export. Italy has few natural resources because Italy has specialized on industry and edifice luxury goods and for all this you need stuffs so exporting natural resources would be best here. In India we would export capital/consumer goods, if the economic system keeps turning as predicted than that combined with the fact that the liberalisation of import revenue enhancements continues besides adding a population of over 1 billion people. Brands it one of the biggest possible markets in the universe at this clip. Reasoning that both of the states have their advantages, the EU in Italy and the market potency of India, we prefer India to merchandise with.Beginnings:www.cia.govwww.demographic-research.orgwww.economist.comwww.geohive.comwww.oecd.orgwww.oup.comwww.wikipedia.orgwww.de.statista.comwww.economicshelp.orgwww.wiki.answers.com